AMENDMENT OF CONSTITUTION
📌 Needed because:
Society changes
Laws need updates
—
📌 Article Related to Amendment
🔥 Article 368
Parliament gets power to amend Constitution
—
⭐ Types of Amendments
🔹 1. Simple Majority
Passed like ordinary law
Examples:
Change in state boundaries
Citizenship matters
—
🔹 2. Special Majority 🔥
Most Constitutional amendments use this method
Requirement:
Majority of total membership
2/3 members present & voting
—
🔹 3. Special Majority + State Approval
Used for federal matters
Needs:
Parliament approval
Half of state legislatures approval
Examples:
Election of President
Supreme Court powers
—
⚡ Basic Structure Doctrine 🔥🔥
🔹 Meaning
Certain features cannot be destroyed even by amendment
—
🔹 Given in
👉 Kesavananda Bharati Case
—
⭐ Examples of Basic Structure
Democracy
Secularism
Federalism
Judicial Review
Supremacy of Constitution
—
📚 IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS 🔥
—
🔴 42nd Amendment (1976)
👉 Called Mini Constitution
Important changes:
Added:
Socialist
Secular
Integrity
Added Fundamental Duties
—
🟢 44th Amendment (1978)
Right to Property removed from Fundamental Rights
—
🔵 52nd Amendment (1985)
Anti-defection law
Added 10th Schedule
—
🟡 61st Amendment (1989)
Voting age reduced:
From 21 → 18 years 🔥
—
🟣 73rd Amendment (1992)
Panchayati Raj
—
⚫ 74th Amendment (1992)
Municipalities
—
🔶 86th Amendment (2002)
Right to Education added:
Article 21A
—
🔷 101st Amendment (2016)
GST introduced
—
📌 Important Points for ADRE
Article 368 → Amendment
42nd Amendment very important 🔥
Voting age = 18 (61st Amendment)
Basic Structure cannot be destroyed
—
⚡ Quick Revision
Constitution can be amended
Article 368
Kesavananda Bharati Case 🔥
42nd = Mini Constitution
52nd = Anti-defection
61st = Voting age
