ELECTION SYSTEM & POLITICAL PARTIES
🔹 What is Election?
Process of choosing representatives by voting
📌 India follows:
Universal Adult Franchise
Parliamentary Democracy
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🗳️ ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI) 🔥
🔹 Article
Article 324
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🔹 Functions
Conducts elections for:
Lok Sabha
Rajya Sabha
State Legislatures
President & Vice-President
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🔹 Features
Independent constitutional body
Ensures free & fair elections
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⭐ Universal Adult Franchise
🔹 Meaning
Every citizen above 18 years can vote
📌 Voting age reduced by:
👉 61st Constitutional Amendment Act
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🏛️ POLITICAL PARTIES
🔹 Meaning
Group of people with similar political ideas
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🔹 Types of Parties
🔵 National Party
Operates across India
Examples:
Bharatiya Janata Party
Indian National Congress
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🟢 State Party
Operates mainly in one state
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📌 Functions of Political Parties
Contest elections
Form government
Make policies
Represent people
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🔥 ANTI-DEFECTION LAW (10th Schedule)
🔹 Added by
👉 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act
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🔹 Meaning of Defection
Changing political party after election
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🔹 Purpose
Prevent political instability
Stop “party switching”
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🔹 Decision Taken By
Speaker of Lok Sabha / Legislative Assembly
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⚡ Important Points
10th Schedule → Anti-defection
52nd Amendment very important 🔥
ECI = Article 324
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📌 Types of Majority (Useful for Exams)
🔹 Simple Majority
More than half of members present & voting
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🔹 Absolute Majority
More than 50% of total strength
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🔹 Special Majority
Used in Constitutional amendments
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⚡ Quick Revision
Election Commission → Article 324
Voting age = 18
Anti-defection = 10th Schedule
52nd Amendment added anti-defection law
